Latin America’s international relations unfold through:

• Macro-layer: regional blocs such as CELAC, MERCOSUR, Pacific Alliance.
• Meso-layer: bilateral state-to-state relations with global powers (China, US, EU).
• Micro-layer: city diplomacy, where municipalities like Medellín, Buenos Aires, or Mexico City engage in networks and direct partnerships.
  • Example: Medellín’s reputation in urban innovation, or São Paulo’s leadership in climate networks.